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The environmental setting was now complete for the impending disaster.įIGURE 8-2. of antecedent rainfall is generally all that is necessary to saturate the soil).
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However, the soil mantle had gradually become saturated, leaving little opportunity for further infiltration (10 in. (51 cm) spread over many small and moderate nonintensive rainfall periods, and hence there was little flooding. At Hidden Springs the total for the period was about 20 in. Rainfall from mid-December to February 8 was double the normal. The 1977–1978 rainfall season wasted little time making up for the two previous dry seasons. The purpose of this work was to help protect the roadway itself. It was to augment the 9 ft (2.7 m) diameter corrugated metal pipe culvert under Angeles Forest Highway at the Middle Fork crossing with an 8-ft (2.4-m) culvert and to excavate a modest debris settlement area upstream of the road. Note denuded terrain and extreme steepness of slopes.Īnother action was taken by the Los Angeles County Road Department. Typical condition of watershed contributing to Hidden Springs. The local sheriff's office also was made aware of the possible need for hasty evacuation of the facilities in case of heavy rainfall. (Mill Creek, at Hidden Springs, is on private property.) The flood control district conducted an investigation of the potentially vulnerable facilities and structures, suggested to the owners that certain improvements be made, and, in general, warned the owners of the flooding hazard. The reseeding work was undertaken not only to lessen erosion of the burned watersheds over the next several years but to decrease siltation of the Big Tujunga flood control reservoir located about 5 mi (8 km) downstream. The Forest Service reseeded the burned areas, knowing there was probably insufficient germination and growth time to help much in the next rainy season. Consequently several steps were taken to help protect these camps as well as several private residences: It was obvious to both the Forest Service and the Los Angeles County Flood Control District that the denuded watersheds could pose a grave threat to inhabitants and facilities in the event of a high-intensity storm during the next several rainy seasons. However, these losses proved insignificant in contrast to the loss of vegetative cover. By that time it had destroyed numerous facilities, including power lines and a highway patrol microwave repeater station. It took 3 days and $750,000 to bring the fire under control.
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The tissue apparently smoldered and burned, quickly igniting a wildfire that totally consumed 3860 acres (1560 ha) in two watersheds. According to a fire warden's report, the rifleman used facial tissue for wadding instead of nonflammable cloth. However, on that day he would literally trigger a chain of events that would terminate 6.5 mo later in a terrifying and tragic calamity. His activity was perfectly legal because the area had been designated an open firing range by the U.S. Into this charged environment, on July 24, 1977, wandered an antique gun aficionado firing a black-powder muzzle-loading rifle. The thick chapparal and brush that clung to the rugged precipitous mountain slopes were tinder dry and highly combustible. Further, there was not a hint of moisture in the canyon bottoms. The only existing trees were those few that could survive on the most meager nourishment. The term national forest ordinarily conjures up a mental picture of tall pine trees and cool rushing streams-a false image for this particular locale. In the San Gabriel Mountains’ Angeles National Forest, only 20 mi (32 km) north of downtown Los Angeles, the drought had resulted in an extremely high fire hazard.
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The Southern California winter rainfall seasons of 1975–1977 were so devoid of precipitation, Los Angeles County officials reluctantly approved a cloud seeding program in an attempt to turn the spigot on. Slosson, in Forensic Engineering, 1992 THE EVENT